What is the difference between a whisk fern and a fern

There are two types of club mosses that still have living representatives. Ground pines will develop sporangia in the axils of sporophylls. Each gametophyte may be capable of producing several sporophytes. The second type of club moss include the spike mosses. These plants are heterosporous and have a ligule, or little tongue, on each microphyll. The microspores will develop into male gametophytes with antheridia sperm-producing ; while the megaspores will develop into female gametophytes with archegonia egg-producing.

The biggest difference between the ground pines and the spike mosses is the presence of the ligule spike mosses and the spike mosses produce two types of spores and gametophytes heterospory. Quillworts are found partially submerged in water for at least part of the year. Their microphylls leaves look somewhat like porcupine quills although they lack the rigidity of actual porcupine quills.

The microphylls arise from a corm like base. The corm base has a cambium that will remain active for many years. Club moss spores have many uses including flash powder, medicine, talcum powder, as well as ornamental uses and novelty items. The plants in this division have ribbed stems that contain silica deposits in the epidermal cells. Their scale-like microphylls lack chlorophyll. However, the silica in the stems makes these plants useful for scouring. Horsetails and scouring rushes occur in both the branched and unbranched forms.

Either way, they are jointed stems with small whorls of scale-like leaves at the base of the plant. Horsetails, or Equisetum, are hollow in the center of their stem which contains cylinders of carinal and vallecular canals.

The hollow stems arise from extensively branching rhizomes just beneath the surface of the soil. Some types of horsetails have non-photosynthetic stems. ATP in Living Systems. ATP Structure and Function. The Citric Acid Cycle. Oxidative Phosphorylation Art Connection.

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Evolution Is Just a Theory. Individuals Evolve. Evolution Explains the Origin of Life. Organisms Evolve on Purpose. In place of the pollen and ovule of angiosperms, Psilotum has multicellular male and female gametophytes, and the whisk fern has spores which give rise to the gametophytes.

The gametophyte is the stage of the plant life cycle which has a haploid complement of chromosomes 1n. The gametophytes of flowering plants are extremely reduced in size. The pollen grain and the seven-celled ovule are hidden within the unpollinated ovary. However, in ancient plants such as the whisk fern, the gametophyte is relatively large. The single extant genus Equisetum is the survivor of a large group of plants, which produced large trees, shrubs, and vines in the swamp forests in the Carboniferous.

The plants are usually found in damp environments and marshes. Leaves and branches come out as whorls from the evenly-spaced joints. The needle-shaped leaves do not contribute greatly to photosynthesis, the majority of which takes place in the green stem. Silica collects in the epidermal cells, contributing to the stiffness of horsetail plants. Underground stems known as rhizomes anchor the plants to the ground.

Modern-day horsetails are homosporous and produce bisexual gametophytes. While most ferns form large leaves and branching roots, the whisk ferns, Class Psilotopsida, lack both roots and leaves, which were probably lost by reduction. Photosynthesis takes place in their green stems; small yellow knobs form at the tip of the branch stem and contain the sporangia. Whisk ferns were considered an early pterophytes. However, recent comparative DNA analysis suggests that this group may have lost both leaves and roots through evolution and is more closely related to ferns.

With their large fronds, ferns are the most-readily recognizable seedless vascular plants. More than 20, species of ferns live in environments ranging from tropics to temperate forests.